Markus 15:16-41
Konteks15:16 So 1 the soldiers led him into the palace (that is, the governor’s residence) 2 and called together the whole cohort. 3 15:17 They put a purple cloak 4 on him and after braiding 5 a crown of thorns, 6 they put it on him. 15:18 They began to salute him: “Hail, king of the Jews!” 7 15:19 Again and again 8 they struck him on the head with a staff 9 and spit on him. Then they knelt down and paid homage to him. 15:20 When they had finished mocking 10 him, they stripped him of the purple cloak and put his own clothes back on him. Then 11 they led him away to crucify him. 12
15:21 The soldiers 13 forced 14 a passerby to carry his cross, 15 Simon of Cyrene, who was coming in from the country 16 (he was the father of Alexander and Rufus). 15:22 They brought Jesus 17 to a place called Golgotha 18 (which is translated, “Place of the Skull”). 19 15:23 They offered him wine mixed with myrrh, 20 but he did not take it. 15:24 Then 21 they crucified 22 him and divided his clothes, throwing dice 23 for them, to decide what each would take. 15:25 It was nine o’clock in the morning 24 when they crucified him. 15:26 The inscription 25 of the charge against him read, “The king of the Jews.” 15:27 And they crucified two outlaws with him, one on his right and one on his left. 15:28 [[EMPTY]] 26 15:29 Those who passed by defamed him, shaking their heads and saying, “Aha! You who can destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days, 15:30 save yourself and come down from the cross!” 27 15:31 In the same way even the chief priests – together with the experts in the law 28 – were mocking him among themselves: 29 “He saved others, but he cannot save himself! 15:32 Let the Christ, 30 the king of Israel, come down from the cross now, that we may see and believe!” Those who were crucified with him also spoke abusively to him. 31
15:33 Now 32 when it was noon, 33 darkness came over the whole land 34 until three in the afternoon. 35 15:34 Around three o’clock 36 Jesus cried out with a loud voice, “Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?” which means, “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” 37 15:35 When some of the bystanders heard it they said, “Listen, he is calling for Elijah!” 38 15:36 Then someone ran, filled a sponge with sour wine, 39 put it on a stick, 40 and gave it to him to drink, saying, “Leave him alone! Let’s see if Elijah will come to take him down!” 15:37 But Jesus cried out with a loud voice and breathed his last. 15:38 And the temple curtain 41 was torn in two, from top to bottom. 15:39 Now when the centurion, 42 who stood in front of him, saw how he died, 43 he said, “Truly this man was God’s Son!” 15:40 There were also women, watching from a distance. Among them were Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the younger and of Joses, 44 and Salome. 15:41 When he was in Galilee, they had followed him and given him support. 45 Many other women who had come up with him to Jerusalem 46 were there too.
[15:16] 1 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “So” to indicate that the soldiers’ action is in response to Pilate’s condemnation of the prisoner in v. 15.
[15:16] 2 tn Grk “(that is, the praetorium).”
[15:16] sn The governor’s residence (Grk “praetorium”) was the Roman governor’s official residence. The one in Jerusalem may have been Herod’s palace in the western part of the city, or the fortress Antonia northwest of the temple area.
[15:16] 3 sn A Roman cohort was a tenth of a legion, about 500-600 soldiers.
[15:17] 4 sn The purple cloak probably refers to a military garment which had the color of royal purple, and thus resembled a king’s robe. The soldiers did this to Jesus as a form of mockery in view of the charges that he was a king (cf. 15:2).
[15:17] 6 sn The crown may have been made from palm spines or some other thorny plant common in Israel. In placing the crown of thorns on his head, the soldiers were unwittingly symbolizing God’s curse on humanity (cf. Gen 3:18) being placed on Jesus. Their purpose would have been to mock Jesus’ claim to be a king; the crown of thorns would have represented the “radiant corona” portrayed on the heads of rulers on coins and other artifacts in the 1st century.
[15:18] 7 tn Or “Long live the King of the Jews!”
[15:18] sn The statement Hail, King of the Jews! is a mockery patterned after the Romans’ cry of Ave, Caesar (“Hail, Caesar!”).
[15:19] 8 tn The verb here has been translated as an iterative imperfect.
[15:19] 9 tn Or “a reed.” The Greek term can mean either “staff” or “reed.” See BDAG 502 s.v. κάλαμος 2.
[15:20] 10 tn The aorist tense is taken consummatively here.
[15:20] 11 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
[15:20] 12 sn See the note on Crucify in 15:13.
[15:21] 13 tn Grk “They”; the referent (the soldiers) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[15:21] 14 tn Or “conscripted”; or “pressed into service.”
[15:21] 15 sn Jesus was beaten severely with a whip before this (the prelude to crucifixion, known to the Romans as verberatio, mentioned in Matt 27:26; Mark 15:15; John 19:1), so he would have been weak from trauma and loss of blood. Apparently he was unable to bear the cross himself, so Simon was conscripted to help (in all probability this was only the crossbeam, called in Latin the patibulum, since the upright beam usually remained in the ground at the place of execution). Cyrene was located in North Africa where Tripoli is today. Nothing more is known about this Simon.
[15:21] 16 tn Or perhaps, “was coming in from his field” outside the city (BDAG 15-16 s.v. ἀγρός 1).
[15:22] 18 tn Grk “a place, Golgotha.” This is an Aramaic name; see John 19:17.
[15:22] 19 sn The place called Golgotha (which is translated “Place of the Skull”). This location is north and just outside of Jerusalem. The hill on which it is located protruded much like a skull, giving the place its name. The Latin word for the Greek term κρανίον (kranion) is calvaria, from which the English word “Calvary” is derived (cf. Luke 23:33 in the KJV).
[15:23] 20 sn It is difficult to say for certain who gave Jesus this drink of wine mixed with myrrh (e.g., the executioner, or perhaps women from Jerusalem). In any case, whoever gave it to him most likely did so in order to relieve his pain, but Jesus was unwilling to take it.
[15:24] 21 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
[15:24] 22 sn See the note on Crucify in 15:13.
[15:24] 23 tn Grk “by throwing the lot” (probably by using marked pebbles or broken pieces of pottery). A modern equivalent, “throwing dice,” was chosen here because of its association with gambling. According to L&N 6.219 a term for “dice” is particularly appropriate.
[15:24] sn An allusion to Ps 22:18.
[15:25] 24 tn Grk “It was the third hour.” This time would have been approximate, and could refer to the beginning of the process, some time before Jesus was lifted on the cross.
[15:26] 25 sn Mention of the inscription is an important detail, because the inscription would normally give the reason for the execution. It shows that Jesus was executed for claiming to be a king. It was also probably written with irony from the executioners’ point of view.
[15:28] 26 tc Most later
[15:30] 27 sn There is rich irony in the statement of those who were passing by, “Save yourself and come down from the cross!” In summary, they wanted Jesus to come down from the cross and save his physical life, but it was indeed his staying on the cross and giving his physical life that led to the fact that they could experience a resurrection from death to life. There is a similar kind of irony in the statement made by the chief priests and experts in the law in 15:31.
[15:31] 28 tn Or “with the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 1:22. Only “chief priests” is in the nominative case; this sentence structure attempts to capture this emphasis.
[15:31] 29 tn Grk “Mocking him, the chief priests…said among themselves.”
[15:32] 30 tn Or “the Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”
[15:32] sn See the note on Christ in 8:29.
[15:32] 31 sn Mark’s wording suggests that both of the criminals spoke abusively to him. If so, one of them quickly changed his attitude toward Jesus (see Luke 23:40-43).
[15:33] 32 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic.
[15:33] 33 tn Grk “When the sixth hour had come.”
[15:33] 34 sn This imagery has parallels to the Day of the Lord: Joel 2:10; Amos 8:9; Zeph 1:15.
[15:33] 35 tn Grk “until the ninth hour.”
[15:34] 36 tn The repetition of the phrase “three o’clock” preserves the author’s rougher, less elegant style (cf. Matt 27:45-46; Luke 23:44). Although such stylistic matters are frequently handled differently in the translation, because the issue of synoptic literary dependence is involved here, it was considered important to reflect some of the stylistic differences among the synoptics in the translation, so that the English reader can be aware of them.
[15:34] 37 sn A quotation from Ps 22:1.
[15:35] 38 sn Perhaps the crowd thought Jesus was calling for Elijah because the exclamation “my God, my God” (i.e., in Aramaic, Eloi, Eloi) sounds like the name Elijah.
[15:36] 39 sn Sour wine refers to cheap wine that was called in Latin posca, a cheap vinegar wine diluted heavily with water. It was the drink of slaves and soldiers, and was probably there for the soldiers who had performed the crucifixion.
[15:38] 41 tn The referent of this term, καταπέτασμα (katapetasma), is not entirely clear. It could refer to the curtain separating the holy of holies from the holy place (Josephus, J. W. 5.5.5 [5.219]), or it could refer to one at the entrance of the temple court (Josephus, J. W. 5.5.4 [5.212]). Many argue that the inner curtain is meant because another term, κάλυμμα (kalumma), is also used for the outer curtain. Others see a reference to the outer curtain as more likely because of the public nature of this sign. Either way, the symbolism means that access to God has been opened up. It also pictures a judgment that includes the sacrifices.
[15:39] 42 sn A centurion was a noncommissioned officer in the Roman army or one of the auxiliary territorial armies, commanding a centuria of (nominally) 100 men. The responsibilities of centurions were broadly similar to modern junior officers, but there was a wide gap in social status between them and officers, and relatively few were promoted beyond the rank of senior centurion. The Roman troops stationed in Judea were auxiliaries, who would normally be rewarded with Roman citizenship after 25 years of service. Some of the centurions may have served originally in the Roman legions (regular army) and thus gained their citizenship at enlistment. Others may have inherited it, like Paul.
[15:39] 43 tn Grk “the way he breathed his last”; or “the way he expired”; or “that he thus breathed no more.”
[15:40] 44 sn In Matt 27:56 the name Joses is written as Joseph.
[15:41] 45 tn Grk “and ministered to him.”
[15:41] 46 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
